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Objective To investigate the effect of extracts from rabbit skins inflamed by Viccinia virus vaccine (analgecine) on the proliferation of human cancer cells and on the cytokine secretion in mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. Methods Five human tumor cell lines, HepG2, LM3, H460, A549 and HeLa were used and the effect of analgecine (1.63, 0.815, 0.326, 0.163 and0.0815 U/ml) on the cell proliferation was evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. The mouse spleen was isolated aseptically, and the spleen lymphocyte suspension was prepared and cultured with PRMI-1640 medium containing 10％ fetal bovine serum (FBS). For detection of the cytokine IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-12 level, the stimulant concanavalin A (ConA) or lipoplysaccharide (LPS) was added into the lymphocyte suspension, and the lymphocytes were cultured under the presence of analgecine at the final concentration of 0.815, 0.163 and 0.0815 U/ml for 24 hours. Then, the level of the cytokines in the supernatant was detected by the ELISA kit. On the other hand, the effect of supernatant of the spleen lymphocyte cultures under the presence of analgecine at 0.815 U/ml on the proliferation HepG2 cells was also evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. The CCK-8 assay was performed after cultivation of the HepG2 cells in the whole supernatant or in its dilution with fresh medium for 24 hours. Results Analgecine showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the five tested cancer cell lines, with the inhibition rate of 58.95％, 55.08％, 57.28％, 45.80％ and 48.18％ at the 1.63 U/ml on the HepG2, LM3, H460, A549 and HeLa cells, respectively. Compared with the control group, the secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 was significantly increased in the 0.163 and 0.815 U/ml analgecine groups (P＜0.01), while the secretion level of IL-12 was increased in the 0.0815, 0.163 and 0.815 U/ml analgecine groups (P＜0.01). The supernatant of the mouse spleen lymphocyte cultures under the presence of0.163 U/ml analgecine could inhibit the HepG2 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect of the whole supernatant was significantly stronger than the effect of the same concentration analgecine 0.163 U/ml (P＜0.01). Conclusion Analgecine could inhibit the cell proliferation of the tested five human cancer cell lines, increased the secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-12 cytokines in mouse spleen lymphocytes, all in vitro, and its effect on the cytokine secretion may be related to the inhibitory effect on the human cancer cell proliferation.
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Objective To investigate the antiplatelet effects of candidate drug W1 when combined with omeprazole,respec?tively.Methods The experimental rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:control group,clopidogrel(10 mg/kg)group,clopido?grel(10 mg/kg)+omeprazole(80 mg/kg)group,W1(3 mg/kg)group,and W1(3 mg/kg)+omeprazole(80 mg/kg)group.Four hours after oral administration of the drugs,the rats were measured for their platelet aggregation rate;Western blot was used to deter?mine the protein expressions of P2Y12 receptor,P-Akt and P-Erk.Results For the platelet aggregation rate,compared with the con?trol group,the 4 groups decreased significantly(P<0.01);the platelet aggregation rate in the clopidogrel + omeprazole group in?creased significantly than that in the clopidogrel group(42% and 20.4%,respectively,P<0.01);the platelet aggregoction rate (30.9%)in W1+omeprazole group was significantly higher(P<0.01)than that in the W1 group(20.5%),which was lower than that in the clopidogrel+omeprazole group(P<0.01).For the protein expression detected by the western blotting,there were no signif?icant changes in the expression of P2Y12 receptor on the platelet surface,in the clopidogrel or W1 group in comparison with the clopi?dogrel+omeprazole or W1+omeprazole group,respectively,while the phosphorylation level of Akt and Erk was up-regulated in the clopidogrel+omeprazole or W1+omeprazole group compared with the clopidogrel or W1 group,and the up-ragulatory effect of omepra?zole was weaker in the W1+omeprazole group than that in the clopidogrel+omeprazole group. Conclusion Combined use of omepra?zole could inhibit the antiplatelet activities of clopidogrel or W1,with the inhibitory effect weaker in W1 group than in clopidogrel group,suggesting that the risk for the combination of omeprazole with W1 is likely less than that for the combination with clopidogrel.
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<p><b>PURPOSE</b>To investigate effects of neuro-immuno-modulation on wound healing by observing changes of cytokines and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones in acute stress reaction in rats with wound and combined local radiation injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty female Wistar rats (weighting 200 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into normal control group, wound group and combined wound-local radiation (CWR) group (25 Gy local radiation post wound), 20 rats in each group. Contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum were measured and changes of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoid (GC) in serum were analyzed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunologic assay, respectively at different time points post wound and radiation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The level of IFN-γ, one of the Th1 cell cytokines increased significantly at 14 d post CWR, which was markedly higher than that in control group and wound group. However, the level of IL-4, IL-1β and IL-6, one of the Th2 cell cytokines, did not show obvious change. (2) Ratio of Th1/Th2 (IFN-γ/IL-4) in wound group and CWR group increased significantly at 7 d after wound and radiation, which suggested that Th1/Th2 balance drifted to Th1 immune response. The ratio of Th1/Th2 in wound group returned to the normal level up to 14 d after the wound and radiation, while the Th1/Th2 ratio in CWR group increased persistently and was much higher than that in control and wound groups. (3) Level of serous ACTH and GC in CWR group increased at 3 d post wound and radiation, and among them, level of GC showed statistically significant increase, which was much higher than that in control and wound groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Level of serous neurohormone GC in rats increased significantly immediately after wound and radiation; while the level of IFN-γ showed significant increase only up to 14 d after wound and radiation, and the Th1/Th2 imbalance sustained till 28 d post wound and radiation. In order to reduce acute damage caused by CWR, organic immune system and nerve system showed up a marked regulate effects simultaneously and mutually. Nonetheless, the excessive stress induced by CWR causes disturbance of immunoregulation, which is one of the key reasons for delayed wound healing in CWR.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of atorvastatin on cardiac hypertrophy and to determine the potential mechanism involved.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An in vitro cardiomyocyte hypertrophy from neonatal rats was induced with angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation. Before Ang II stimulation, the cultured rat cardiac myocytes were pretreated with atorvastatin at different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 μmol/L). The following parameters were evaluated: the myocyte surface area, 3H-leucine incorporation into myocytes, mRNA expressions of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, matrix metalloproteinase 9, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and interleukin-1β, mRNA and protein expressions of the δ/β peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was shown that atorvastatin could ameliorate Ang II-induced neonatal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the area of cardiomyocytes, 3H-leucine incorporation, and the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide markedly. Meanwhile, atorvastatin also inhibited the augmented mRNA level of several cytokines in hypertrophic myocytes. Furthermore, the down-regulated expression of PPAR- δ/β at both the mRNA and protein levels in hypertrophic myocytes could be significantly reversed by atorvastatin treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Atorvastatin could improve Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and inhibit the expression of cytokines. Such effect might be partly achieved through activation of the PPAR-δ/β pathway.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Angiotensin II , Pharmacology , Atorvastatin , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Cardiomegaly , Metabolism , Pathology , Cells, Cultured , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Pharmacology , PPAR delta , Genetics , PPAR-beta , Genetics , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Objective To obtain the fusion genes of several human orphan G protein coupled receptors (oGPCRs) with Gi1α subtype of G protein and their expression system. Methods The whole open reading frames of GPR45, GPR85, GPR174 and Gilα were cloned by RT-PCR from HepG2 cDNA separately,and the corresponding fusion genes were amplified by overlap extension PCR. Then, the fusion genes-containing pBacmids were successfully constructed with the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system indicated by specific transposition and virus recombination. The insect Sf9 cells were transfected with pBacmid-oGPCRs-Gi1α, and the supernatant containing recombinant virus was harvested. With the supernatant, insect Sf9 cells were infected under an optimized condition (MOI=5, infection time=72 h) and the fusion proteins were prepared and detected by Western blotting.Results The three fusion genes of GPCR45, GPR85 or GPR174 with Gi1α were obtained. The corresponding fusion proteins could be properly prepared in Sf9 cells.Conclusion Human oGPCRs could be fused with Gilα, and the fusion genes could be expressed using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system in insect Sf9 cells.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of metoprolol on the expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 (GRK2) in lymphocyte of advanced elderly patients with chronic heart failure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>32 elderly patients with chronic heart failure were divided into control group and metoprolol group, 16 each. Conventional therapy was used in the control group, conventional therapy plua metoprolol was used in metoprolol group. The treatment courses were 8 weeks in both groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were not different between the two groups. Lymphocyte GRK2 mRNA level in metoprolol group was lower than that in control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Metoprolol can inhibit the expression of GRK2 in lymphocyte of advanced elderly patients with chronic heart failure.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Chronic Disease , G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 , Blood , Genetics , Metabolism , Heart Failure , Metabolism , Lymphocytes , Metabolism , Metoprolol , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>BLT1 and BLT2 were both recently cloned and identified as two subtypes of leukotrine B4 (LTB4) receptors. With the usage of U-75302 and LY255283, the specific antagonists of BLT1 and BLT2 respectively, the involvement of BLT1 and BLT2 in the inflammatory and immunological responses was in vitro explored.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>(1) To investigate inhibition of U-75302 and LY255283 on the proliferation of rat synovial cells, 3H-TdR incorporation into the cells was quantified. (2) Flow cytometric assay for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukine 4 (IL-4) profiles in CD4+ T lymphocytes from rat spleen was carried out to determine the ratio of Th1/Th2.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) For inhibition on rat synovial cells proliferation, U-75302 exerted its effect only at a high concentration of 10 micromol/L and LY255283 at the concentrations of 10 micromol/L-10 micromol/L. (2) Both U-75302 and LY255283 could elevate the percentage of Th2, but could not influence that of Th1.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BLT1 and BLT2 were involved in the synovial cells proliferation change the ratio of Th1/Th2. Their meaning served as targets for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases should be emphasized.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation , Fatty Alcohols , Pharmacology , Glycols , Pharmacology , Inflammation , Allergy and Immunology , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Leukotriene B4 , Physiology , Synovial Membrane , Cell Biology , Allergy and Immunology , Tetrazoles , Pharmacology , Th1-Th2 BalanceABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of linoleic acid on plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) expression in HepG2 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HepG2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of linoleic acid and PAI-1 expression was determined by RT-PCR and colorimetric assay. Luciferase reporter gene plasmids containing four sequentially truncated fragments of the PAI-1 promoter region (-804 to +17) were constructed, and plasmids carrying constructs of Smad binding element (SBE)-site directed deletions in PAI-1 promoter were also generated using overlap extention PCR and transiently transfected into HepG2 cells, the transcriptional activity of PAI-1 was demonstrated by the luciferase activity.The effect of linoleic acid on Smad3 and Smad4 protein levels in cultured HepG2 cells was measured by Western blot analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Linoleic acid remarkably increased PAI-1 mRNA expression and transcription in varying concentrations. (2) The level of PAI-1 transcription was gradually decreased induced by linoleic acid when transfected the SBE- site directed-deletions plasmids in PAI-1 promoter at -734/-731. (3) Protein levels of both Smad3 and 4 in HepG2 cells were increased by linoleic acid.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Linoleic acid regulated the expression of PAI-1 from transcriptional level in HepG2 cells and SBE involved in the regulation, and both Smads protein and Smad signaling pathway acted main role in this procession.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Gene Expression Regulation , Hep G2 Cells , Linoleic Acid , Pharmacology , Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 , Genetics , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Signal Transduction , Smad Proteins , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effect of PPARgamma activators on inhibition of cardiac non myocytes (CNM) proliferation and the PPARgamma-dependent pathway possibly involved.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Angiotensin II was used to induce proliferation of primarily cultured CNM from neonatal rats, and pioglitazone or 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) was applied to these CNM in various dosages in vitro. MTT assay and 3H-TdR uptake were determined to estimate proliferation of CNM, and transient transfection of reporter gene containing PPRE from ACO promoter (PPRE-pGL3) with or without PPARgamma expression plasmid (PPARgamma-pSG5) to CNM was performed to determine the control of target-gene transcription.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Angiotensin II caused a significant increase in MTT value and 3H-TdR uptake in CNM, which could be significantly reversed by pioglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 in a dose-dependent manner. Transient cotransfection of PPRE-pGL3 with PPARgamma-pSG5 to CNM resulted in significant increase in luciferase activity compared with that without PPARgamma-pSG5 cotransfection. Pioglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 induced increase in luciferase activity also in a dose-dependent manner.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pioglitazone and 15d-PGJ2, as the activators of PPARgamma, inhibit proliferation of CNM from neonatal rats, the effect may be related to the activation of PPARgamma.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Angiotensin II , Pharmacology , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Heart , Myocardium , Cell Biology , PPAR gamma , Metabolism , Prostaglandin D2 , Pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Thiazolidinediones , PharmacologyABSTRACT
The gpr81 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using human fetus kidney cDNA and whole blood genome DNA as template, respectively. The expression profile of gpr81 in human fetus was analyzed by RT-PCR and the result indicated GPR81 mRNA was most abundant in fetus liver and heart. In addition, the deduced amino acid of GPR81 was compared with other related molecules by Clustal w/x software, and a molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed with Treeview software. It was showed that GPR81 had the highest homology with nicotinic acid receptor in amino acids. After sequence identification, gpr81 was inserted into the plasmid pcDNA3. 1 (-)/his-mycA and then transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1). With the selection of G418, an engineered cell line which could stably express gpr81 was obtained by the indication of RT-PCR and Western-blot detection. The establishment of the cell line will serve as means for further study of GPR81.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Humans , Amino Acid Sequence , CHO Cells , Cloning, Molecular , Cricetulus , DNA, Complementary , Genetics , Fetus , Metabolism , Gene Expression Profiling , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Genetics , Metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Transcription, Genetic , TransfectionABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of atorvastatin on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes (MC) and the changes of mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha, gamma (PPAR alpha, gamma) subtypes in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Hypertrophy in neonatal rat MC was established with Ang II and treated with atorvastatin. The surface area of MC was analyzed by the aid of NIH Image J software, and the synthetic rate of protein in MC was detected by (3)H-leucine incorporation. mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, MMP2, interleukin1beta (IL-1beta) and PPARalpha, gamma was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Changes of MC were detected induced by Ang II, including increases in surface area, mRNA expression of ANP, BNP, MMP9, MMP2 and IL-1beta, and (3)H-leucine incorporation, as well as a decrease in mRNA expression of PPARalpha, gamma. Treatment with atorvastatin inhibited the changes above in a dose-dependent manner, but no change was found in treated with DMSO.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Atorvastatin inhibits cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. It is suggested that atorvastatin has a potential role in the prevention and treatment of cardiac diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy, and PPAR alpha and gamma maybe involved in this process.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Angiotensin II , Atorvastatin , Cardiomegaly , Metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Gene Expression Regulation , Heptanoic Acids , Pharmacology , Myocytes, Cardiac , Metabolism , PPAR alpha , Metabolism , PPAR-beta , Metabolism , Pyrroles , Pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
As a member of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (oGPCRs), hGPCRc was cloned from human colon tissue and analyzed by bioinformatic softwares. It was showed that the corresponding amino acids of hGPCRc formed seven-transmembrane domains as the key characteristic of GPCRs. Then, the recombinant GFP-hGPCRc was constructed by fussing hGPCRc into pEGFP-N1 carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, and CHO-K1 cells were subsequently transfected with the GFP-hGPCRc or pEGFP-N1. The green fluorescence protein expression in the two different transfected cells was observed under the laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). It was showed that green fluorescence protein was distributed in the whole bodies of the cells transfected with pEGFP-N1, but mainly distributed on the plasma membrane and cytoplasm membrane transfected with GFP-hGPCRc. Thus, the localization on the membrane of hGPCRc was accorded with the predication by bioinformatic analysis. The expression analysis of hGPCRc by RT-PCR indicated that hGPCRc was abundantly expressed in heart, kidney, cerebel and colon etc., but absent in liver, cerebra, small intestine and muscle etc. The expressing profile of hGPCRc could provide some useful clues to understanding its effects on embryonic development and physiological functions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Humans , Amino Acid Sequence , CHO Cells , Cell Membrane , Metabolism , Cricetulus , Gene Expression Profiling , Green Fluorescent Proteins , Genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Genetics , Metabolism , Tissue Distribution , TransfectionABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effects of pioglitazone on cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Angiotensin II was used to establish hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and pioglitazone was applied to these myocytes in various dosages in vitro. ANP and BNP mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, and the rate of protein synthesis in CM by 3H-leucine incorporation in cardiac myocytes. Left ventricular hypertrophy was induced by incomplete ligation of abdominal aorta of rats and pioglitazone (20 mg x kg(-1). day(-1)) was administrated one week prior to the operation until 4 weeks after the operation. Cytokines mRNA expression in left ventricle was measured by RT-PCR, left ventricular wall thickness and myocyte diameter were determined by pathological method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pioglitazone inhibited ANP and BNP mRNA expression and 3H-leucine incorporation in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes induced by angiotensin II in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Furthermore, pioglitazone reduced the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta and cardiotrophin-1, and inhibited the pressure overload-induced increase in the ratio of heart weight to body weight, left ventricular wall thickness and myocyte diameter of rats in vivo.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pioglitazone inhibits cardiac hypertrophy of rats in vitro and in vivo, and may play a role in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases characterized by cardiac hypertrophy in future.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Atrial Natriuretic Factor , Metabolism , Cardiomegaly , Metabolism , Pathology , Cell Line , Cytokines , Metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Interleukin-1beta , Metabolism , Myocytes, Cardiac , Metabolism , Natriuretic Peptide, Brain , Metabolism , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Thiazolidinediones , Pharmacology , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) and PPAR gamma activators on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Primary cultures of cardiac myocytes from 1- to 3-day-old Wistar rats were prepared, and myocytes were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and varying concentrations of PPAR alpha or PPAR gamma activator (fenofibrate or pioglitazone). RT-PCR and ELISA were used to measure TNFalpha, PPAR alpha, and PPAR gamma expression in cultured cardiac myocytes. Transient transfection of TNFalpha promoter with or without nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding site to cardiac myocytes was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pretreatment of cardiac myocytes with fenofibrate or pioglitazone inhibited LPS-induced TNFalpha mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. However, no significant changes were observed on PPAR alpha or PPAR gamma mRNA expression when cardiac myocytes were pretreated with fenofibrate or pioglitazone. Proportional suppression of TNFalpha promoter activity was observed when myocytes was transiently transfected with whole length of TNFalpha promoter (-721/+17) after being stimulated with LPS and fenofibrate or pioglitazone, whereas no change of promoter activity was observed with transfection of TNFalpha reporter construct in deletion of NF-kappaB binding site (-182/+17).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma activators may inhibit cardiac TNFalpha expression but not accompanied by change of PPAR alpha or PPAR gamma mRNA expression. Therefore PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma activators appear to play a role in anti-inflammation. The mechanism may partly be involved in suppression of the NF-kappaB pathway.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Animals, Newborn , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fenofibrate , Pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides , Pharmacology , Myocytes, Cardiac , Metabolism , NF-kappa B , Metabolism , PPAR alpha , Genetics , PPAR gamma , Genetics , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Rats, Wistar , Thiazolidinediones , Pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effect of different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activators on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in HepG-2 cell line and explore the effect of PPARs on PAL-1 gene expression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, fenofibrate, pioglitazone were used in the treatment of HepG-2 cell culture. The level of PAI-1 and PPARs mRNA was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the level of PAI-1 activity and PPARs protein was determined by colorimetric assay and western blotting respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mRNA and activity of PAI-1 significantly increased in the groups of oleic acid and linoleic acid compared with the control, but decreased in the group of fenofibrate. There were no significant changes in both groups of stearic acid and pioglitazone. The alterations in the level of PPARs mRNA and protein were not detected in all the treated groups compared with the control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors activators play important roles in the PAI-1 gene expression and regulation. It is likely mediated by the activation of PPARalpha, but there might be other mechanisms.</p>